Intergovernmental Organizations

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An international organization is, by definition, any organization with international membership, scope, or presence. However, in common usage, the term is commonly reserved for intergovernmental organizations (IGO) such as the United Nations, the European Community, or the World Trade Organization, with sovereign states or other IGOs as members. Their scope and aims are most usually in the public interest but may also have been created with a specific purpose.

While many non-governmental organizations (NGOs), a generalizing term used for privately created organizations with international scope, certainly have international presence and aims, it is in the sense of IGOs that the term "international organization" is used in the remainder of this article.

Legal nature Legally speaking, an international organization may be established by a constituent document such as a charter, a treaty or a Convention, which when signed by the founding members, provides the IGO with Juristic person. International organizations so established are subject of international law, capable of entering into agreements among themselves or with states. Thus international organizations in a legal sense are distinguished from mere groupings of states, such as the G-8 and the Group of 77, neither of which have been founded by a constituent document and exist only as task groups, though in non-legal contexts these are sometimes referred erroneously as international organizations.

International organizations must also be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (e.g., the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or, in the 1947-1995 period, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)) do not establish an international organization and rely purely on the parties for their administration becoming legally recognized as an ad hoc commission.

Membership and function International organizations differ in function, membership and membership criteria. Membership of some organisations (global organizations) is open to all the nations of Earth as far as they comply with membership criteria and after approval by a general assembly or similar body. This category includes the United Nations and its specialized agencies and the World Trade Organization. Other organizations are only open to members from a particular subregion or continent of the world, like European Union, African Union, ASEAN and other regional organizations.

Finally, some organizations base their membership on other criteria: cultural or historical links (the Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Latin Union), level of economic development or type of economy (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC), or religion (Organization of the Islamic Conference).

The Union of International Associations provides ancillary information on international organizations.

Historical Development of International Organizations International organizations developed mainly from the need of nations and governments to have a neutral forum where to debate and consider matters of importance to more than one particular nation. However, some IOs also developed from the need of an either executive or enforcement body which could carry on multinational interests in an unified form.

Among the first IOs was the future International Telecommunications Union, which was founded by the signing of the International Telegraph Convention by twenty countries in May 1865.

In the nineteenth century, France showed interest in the creation of many international organizations (such as those which maintain the SI (metric system)).

Purpose of International organizations International organizations describe and define their purpose in their charter or other document of creation. International Organizations exist with diverse aims, including but not limited to increase international relations, promote education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human rights, humanitarian efforts, inter-cultural approach and conflict resolution.

Examples of organizations Global organizations

United Nations, its :Category:United Nations specialized agencies, and associated organizations
International Hydrographic Organization
International Seabed Authority
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
World Trade Organization
INTERPOL